Casuistry of radiographic examinations of wild animals in the southern region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from 2017 to 2020 / [Casuística dos exames radiográficos de animais silvestres na região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul entre 2017-2020]

A radiologia é uma importante ferramenta complementar para o diagnóstico de diversas afecções em diferentes espécies. O uso de exames complementares na medicina de animais silvestres, em especial o exame de imagem, traz inúmeras informações acerca do paciente. Este trabalho apresenta os dados obtidos por meio de um levantamento dos exames radiográficos realizados em animais silvestres entre os anos de 2017 e 2020, no Laboratório de Diagnóstico de Imagem e Cardiologia (LADIC), do Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (HCV/UFPel). Ao todo, foram avaliados 464 prontuários, sendo 293 (63,1%) de aves, 135 (29,1%) de mamíferos e 36 (7,8%) de répteis. As alterações mais encontradas nos exames radiológicos foram fratura de membros torácicos para as duas primeiras classes, e pneumonia para a última.(AU)

Papel de la ecografía en la sala de emergencia en el diagnóstico del trauma de tórax / The Role of Sonography in the Emergency Room for the Diagnosis of Thoracic Trauma

Introducción: Dentro de la atención al lesionado con trauma torácico se cuenta con varios medios diagnósticos, entre ellos la evaluación por ecografía focalizada en trauma extendido a tórax, el cual ha mostrado una alta sensibilidad, aun realizado por médicos no radiólogos como cirujanos generales, emergencistas e intensivistas. Objetivo: Determinar la utilidad de la ecografía torácica extendida realizada por cirujanos en lesionados con traumatismo torácico. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo de evaluación de pruebas diagnósticas con un diseño transversal, en 1052 pacientes ingresados en la sala de emergencia. Se les realizó la evaluación por ecografía torácica extendida en el Hospital Universitario "General Calixto García", durante el período comprendido entre enero de 2020 y febrero de 2021. Resultados: Fueron realizados en un periodo de 1 año un total de 1052 ultrasonidos torácicos, 221 casos fueron positivos, de ellos 81 neumotórax (7,7 por ciento) y 62 hemoneumotórax (5,9 por ciento) todos confirmados por tomografía de tórax. La edad promedio fue de 45,27 (18-97), el sexo masculino prevaleció con 772 casos (73,4 por ciento). Los mecanismos productores de trauma más frecuentes fueron: caída de altura 273 casos (26 por ciento) y trauma contuso 181 casos (17,2 por ciento). La ecografía torácica extendida obtuvo una sensibilidad de un 95,24 por ciento y una especificidad de 99,88 por ciento en el diagnóstico lesiones torácicas. Conclusiones: La ecografía torácica extendida demostró que en manos de los cirujanos generales es una herramienta confiable, segura, no invasiva, poco costosa, repetible, que permite diagnosticar rápidamente lesiones torácicas y tratarlas(AU)

Introduction: Within care for the injured patient with thoracic trauma there are several diagnostic means. For example, extended focused assessment with sonography for thoracic trauma has shown high sensitivity, even when performed by non-radiologists such as general surgeons, emergency specialists and intensivists. Objective: To determine the usefulness of extended thoracic sonography performed by surgeons on injured patients with thoracic trauma. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study of diagnostic tests assessment was carried out in 1052 patients admitted to the emergency room. They were assessed by extended thoracic sonography at General Calixto García University Hospital, during the period between January 2020 and February 2021. Results: A total of 1052 thoracic ultrasounds were performed in a period of one year, of which 221 cases were positive. Of them, 81 were pneumothorax (7.7 percent) and 62 were hemopneumothorax (5.9 percent), all confirmed by chest tomography. The average age was 45.27 (18-97). The male sex prevailed, with 772 cases (73.4 percent). The most frequent trauma-producing mechanisms were altitude fall, accounting for 273 cases (26 percent), and blunt trauma, accounting for 181 cases (17.2 percent). Extended thoracic ultrasound showed a sensitivity of 95.24 percent and a specificity of 99.88 percent in the diagnosis of thoracic injuries. Conclusions: Extended thoracic ultrasound showed that, in the hands of general surgeons, it is a reliable, safe, noninvasive, inexpensive and repeatable tool that allows rapid diagnosis and treatment of thoracic injuries(AU)

Hallazgos tomográficos posoperatorios en pacientes con traumatismos torácicos / Tomographic postoperative findings in patients with thoracic trauma

Introducción: El trauma torácico se encuentra entre las primeras causas de muerte, fundamentalmente en personas jóvenes. Objetivos: Caracterizar a una población operada por traumatismos torácicos según variables clinicoepidemiológicas y describir los hallazgos tomográficos posquirúrgicos. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional y descriptivo de 48 pacientes atendidos en el Servicio de Radiología del Provincial Clínico-Quirúrgico Docente Saturnino Lora de Santiago de Cuba, de enero del 2016 a diciembre del 2018, a los cuales se les realizó tomografía computarizada multidetector. Resultados: Los traumas torácicos predominaron en personas jóvenes del sexo masculino, asociadas fundamentalmente a acciones violentas que provocaron traumas abiertos. La contusión pulmonar resultó ser el hallazgo tomográfico inicial más frecuente, en tanto, el neumotórax persistente y el hemotórax coagulado constituyeron los hallazgos tomográficos más influyentes en la decisión de una reintervención quirúrgica. Conclusiones: La tomografía es un medio diagnóstico que permite una descripción detallada del estado posoperatorio de los órganos afectados, con un alto valor orientativo para decidir procedimientos quirúrgicos posteriores.

Introduction: The thoracic trauma is among the first causes of death, fundamentally in young people. Objectives: To characterize a population operated due to thoracic trauma according to clinical epidemiological variables and describe the postsurgical tomographic findings. Methods: An observational and descriptive study of 48 patients assisted in the Radiology Service of Saturnino Lora Teaching Clinical Surgical Provincial Hospital was carried out in Santiago de Cuba, from January, 2016 to December, 2018, to whom a multidetector computed tomography was carried out. Results: The thoracic traumas prevailed in young male people, fundamentally associated with violent actions that caused open traumas. The lung contusion was the most frequent initial tomographic finding, as long as, the persistent pneumothorax and the coagulated hemothorax constituted the most influential tomographic findings in the decision of a surgical reintervention. Conclusions: Tomography is a diagnostic means that allows a detailed description of the postoperative state in the affected organs, with a high orientative value to decide later surgical procedures.

Manejo actualizado de las fracturas costales / Current management of rib fractures

RESUMEN Las fracturas costales son la lesión más frecuente en los traumatismos torácicos. La fijación de las fracturas ha estado dirigida clásicamente al volet costal. En los últimos años se han extendido las indi caciones a las fracturas múltiples desplazadas aun sin volet. Se consideran asimismo otras indicaciones de osteosíntesis menos frecuentes. La neumonía y contusión pulmonar graves que requieren asisten cia respiratoria mecánica son consideradas contraindicaciones para la fijación quirúrgica. La primera semana es el momento óptimo para su realización. Diversos dispositivos de fijación se han ideado; las placas de titanio son las más utilizadas. La osteosíntesis costal ofrece a los pacientes una recuperación más rápida con menor estadía hospitalaria y en cuidados críticos, así como mejor funcionalidad respi ratoria y menor dolor en el corto y largo plazo.

ABSTRACT Rib fractures are the most common injuries in chest trauma. Fracture fixation has been traditionally performed in flail chest patients. Over the past years, the indication has been extended to multiple, severely displaced non-flail pattern fractures. Other less common indications for osteosynthesis have also been considered. Severe pneumonia and lung contusion requiring mechanical ventilation are considered contraindication for surgical fixation. The optimal timing for the intervention is the first week. Several devices have been developed for fracture fixation; titanium plates are the most commonly used. Rib fixation offers patients a more rapid recovery with shorter length of hospital stay and of intensive care unit stay with improved respiratory function and pain management in the short and long term.

Tórax inestable en paciente pediátrico: reporte de un caso / Flail chest in pediatric patient: case report

El tórax inestable se define por fractura de 3 o más costillas adyacentes, en 2 o más sitios, con movimiento paradojal del tórax afectado. Se presenta en el 2-4 % de los traumas de tórax contusos, con una mortalidad del 10-15 %.El tratamiento se realiza de forma conservadora, mediante analgesia y el uso de ventilación con presión positiva o, quirúrgicamente, mediante osteosíntesis de las fracturas costales.Se presenta el caso de una niña de 9 años con diagnóstico de traumatismo cerrado de tórax y tórax inestable. En la tomografía computada, se evidenciaron fracturas costales de 2da a 7maizquierdas, arcos medios y anteriores. Por inadecuado manejo del dolor, se colocó asistencia ventilatoria mecánica. A las 72 horas, se decidió la resolución quirúrgica mediante osteosíntesis de las costillas 3a-7a. La paciente evolucionó favorablemente. El manejo quirúrgico permitió reducir los días de ventilación mecánica y de internación.

Flail chest is defined by fracture of 3 or more adjacent ribs, at 2 or more sites, with paradoxical movement of the affected chest. It occurs in 2 to 4 % of blunt chest trauma, with a mortality of 10 to 15 %.Treatment is conservative, using analgesia and positive pressure ventilation, or surgical osteosynthesis of rib fractures.We present the case of a 9-year-old girl with blunt chest trauma and flail chest. Computed tomography showed rib fractures from 2nd to 7th left ribs, in middle and anterior arches. Due to inadequate pain management, it was placed in mechanical ventilation. After 72 hours the surgical resolution was decided, osteosynthesis of the 3rd to 7th ribs was performed. The patient evolved favorably. The surgical management allowed reducing days of mechanical ventilation and days of hospitalization.

CT scanning in blunt chest trauma: validation of decision instruments / Tomografia computadorizada em trauma torácico fechado: validação de instrumentos de decisão

ABSTRACT Objective: to perform an external validation of two clinical decision instruments (DIs) - Chest CT-All and Chest CT-Major - in a cohort of patients with blunt chest trauma undergoing chest CT scanning at a trauma referral center, and determine if these DIs are safe options for selective ordering of chest CT scans in patients with blunt chest trauma admitted to emergency units. Methods: cross-sectional study of patients with blunt chest trauma undergoing chest CT scanning over a period of 11 months. Chest CT reports were cross-checked with the patients' electronic medical record data. The sensitivity and specificity of both instruments were calculated. Results: the study included 764 patients. The Chest CT-All DI showed 100% sensitivity for all injuries and specificity values of 33.6% for injuries of major clinical significance and 40.4% for any lesion. The Chest CT-Major DI had sensitivity of 100% for injuries of major clinical significance, which decreased to 98.6% for any lesions, and specificity values of 37.4% for injuries of major clinical significance and 44.6% for all lesions. Conclusion: both clinical DIs validated in this study showed adequate sensitivity to detect chest injuries on CT and can be safely used to forego chest CT evaluation in patients without any of the criteria that define each DI. Had the Chest CT-All and Chest CT-Major DIs been applied in this cohort, the number of CT scans performed would have decreased by 23.1% and 24.6%, respectively, resulting in cost reduction and avoiding unnecessary radiation exposure.

RESUMO Objetivo: realizar validação externa de dois instrumentos de decisão clínica (IDCs) - TC de tórax-All e TC de tórax-Major - em uma coorte de pacientes com trauma torácico fechado submetidos a tomografia computadorizada de tórax em centro de referência para trauma, e determinar se esses IDCs são opções seguras para solicitação seletiva de tomografias computadorizadas de tórax em pacientes com trauma torácico fechado admitidos em unidades de emergência. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo transversal de pacientes com trauma torácico fechado submetidos a tomografia computadorizada de tórax, por período de 11 meses. Os laudos da TC de tórax foram cruzados com os dados do prontuário eletrônico dos pacientes. A sensibilidade e especificidade de ambos os instrumentos foram calculadas. Resultados: o estudo incluiu 764 pacientes. O IDC TC de tórax-All apresentou sensibilidade de 100% para todas as lesões e especificidades de 33,6% para lesões de maior significado clínico e 40,4% para qualquer lesão. O IDC TC de tórax Major teve sensibilidade de 100% para lesões de maior significado clínico, que diminuiu para 98,6% para quaisquer lesões, e especificidades de 37,4% para lesões de maior significado clínico e 44,6% para todas as lesões. Conclusão: ambos os instrumentos de decisão clínica validados neste estudo mostraram sensibilidade adequada para detectar lesões torácicas na TC e podem ser usados com segurança para dispensar a avaliação da TC de tórax em pacientes sem nenhum dos critérios que definem o IDC. Se os IDCs TC de tórax-All e TC de tórax Major de tórax tivessem sido aplicados nesta coorte, o número de tomografias realizadas teria diminuído em 23,1% e 24,6%, respectivamente, resultando em redução de custos e evitando exposição desnecessária à radiação.

Fístula de alto gasto / High output fistula

Se presenta a un paciente de 37 años de edad que acude a nuestro Cuerpo de Guardia politraumatizado, con lesiones torácicas y abdominales, con síntomas y signos sugestivos de fracturas costales múltiples, con hemotórax derecho y hemoperitoneo, corroborado imaginológicamente y en la punción abdominal. Se realiza pleurostomía mínima intermedia y laparotomía exploratoria. Se le encuentran lesiones hepáticas de los segmentos VI, V, VIII y IV, con una profundidad mayor de 3 cm, además, deserosamientos en las asas delgadas intestinales y colon. Se realiza hepatorrafia y empaquetamiento hepático. Posteriormente van apareciendo complicaciones, por lo que tiene que ser reintervenido en máqs de 60 ocasiones. Entre ellas, la aparición de una fístula de alto gasto, que lo llevó a la desnutrición y a la permanencia con el abdomen expuesto durante 7 meses hasta el egreso. Se revisa la literatura correspondiente a estas entidades(AU)

A 37 years-old multi-traumatized male patient went to our emergency service. He had many injures in the thorax and the abdomen, together with symptoms and signs suggestive of multiple costal fractures, with right hemothorax and hemoperitoneum, all of which was confirmed by imaging techniques and by abdominal puncture. Minimal intermediate pleurostomy and exploratory laparoscopy were performed. We found hepatic lesions in the 6th, 5th, 8th and 4th segments, over 3 cm deep; additionally, the loss of serosa from the intestinal ansae and from the colon. Hepatorrhaphy and hepatic packing were also performed. Later on, more complications appeared, so he had to be re-operated more than 60 times. The occurrence of a high output fistula led him to malnutrition and his abdomen remained exposed for 7 months until he was finally discharged from hospital. This paper also presented a literature review on this topic(AU)

Computed tomography in blunt chest trauma.

Objective. To assess the role of multidetector spiral CT in patients with blunt chest trauma. Methods. Forty-two patients (38 males and four females), age range from 6 to 80 years, of blunt chest trauma were evaluated with multidetector computed tomogram (MDCT) after initial radiographs and the results were tabulated. Results. The most common mode of injury was motor vehicle accidents (64%). On computed tomography (CT), major injuries were haemothorax (83.33%), consolidation (66.6%), rib fractures (61.90%), pneumothorax (54.76%), diaphragmatic injury (30.95%), lung contusions (28.57%), spinal injury (16.66%), lacerations (9.52%), tracheo-bronchial injury (4.76%), mediastinal haematoma (4.76%), thoracic-aortic injury (4.76%) and oesophageal injury (2.38%). Operative intervention was performed in 11 (26.19%) patients. Of these, diaphragmatic rent repair was done in seven patients (63.63%), exploratory laparotomy alone was done in two (18.18%) and resection and anastomosis and polytetrafluoroethylene graft in one patient each. Three patients each with chest wall injury, thoracic vascular injury and diaphragmatic injury died; while only one patient with lung injury died. Conclusion. Multidetector computed tomogram is the modality of choice for rapid assessment of emergency chest trauma patients.

Surgical experience of fracture bronchus

Bronchial fractures are rare, but life threatening. Their successful diagnosis and treatment require a high level of suspicion and early surgical repair. We reviewed our experience in managing these injuries over the past 10 years. Patients who were admitted to the Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Suez Canal University Hospital and treated for bronchial fractures from 1995 to 2005 were included in this study. Clinical presentation, diagnosis, management and outcome were reviewed. Bronchoscopy identified the location of injury as fracture of the right mainstem bronchus [n=4], fracture of the left mainstem bronchus [n=3] and fracture of the right intermediate bronchus [n=2]. All patients survived after thoracotomy and primary surgical repair except two patients who died due to associated head and intra-abdominal injuries. Bronchial fracture is an unusual complication of blunt chest trauma, and the diagnosis can be delayed unless the treating medical staff has a high index of clinical suspicion in addition to the correct interpretation of clinical and radiological findings. Where the diagnosis is suspected, bronchoscopy should be performed then, progress to thoracotomy and primary surgical repair to minimize the morbidity and mortality of such injuries

Application of spiral CT 3D reconstruction of rib fracture in clinical forensic practice / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To assess the clinical application of spiral CT 3D reconstruction in forensic diagnosis of rib fracture.@*METHODS@#Thirty-five cases of rib fractures were collectively studied by X-ray, regular CT scan, and adoptive 3D reconstruction with spiral CT.@*RESULTS@#Clear and stereoscopic images of rib fractures without interference of the surrounding soft tissue were obtained in all of 35 cases examined.@*CONCLUSION@#Spiral CT 3D reconstruction could be a valuable means in forensic diagnosis of rib fracture.

Traumatic pseudoaneurysm from the aorta to the left common carotid artery presenting as widened mediastinum

Diagnosis of pseudoaneurysm of the aorta or its main branches is a challenge in patients with blunt chest trauma. Computed tomography helps to demonstrate intrathoracic hemorrhage and suspected great vascular injury when a chest radiograph reveals widening of the mediastinum. Aortic angiography remains the gold standard in the determination of the site, and severity of vascular injury for definitive surgical intervention. Timing of surgical repair is controversial. Delayed repair of traumatic pseudoaneurysm of the aorta after primary control of associate injuries decreases mortality significantly, thus improving prognosis. We report a case of successful repair of a traumatic pseudoaneurysm of the aortic arch with extension to the left common carotid artery in an 18-year-old female patient. The diagnosis, surgical approaches, and timing of operation are discussed along with case presentation

Significance of a widened mediastinum in blunt chest trauma patients.

Eighteen blunt chest trauma patients who had mediastinal widening on chest roengenogram were studied for the correlation with traumatic ruptured of the aorta or its major branches. Seventeen patients were male and one was female. The age ranged from 18 to 39 years, mean 26.17+/-6.85SD. The Injury Severity Score (ISS) ranged from 9 to 34, mean 25.5+/-6.49SD. Fourteen patients (77.8%) sustained motorcycle accidents, 3 patients (16.7%) sustained car accidents and 1 patient (5.5%) fell from a 4 storey building. All patients underwent aortography to search for traumatic rupture of the aorta or its major branches. Six patients had computed tomography of the chest before aortography. Nine patients (50%) had normal aortography. The remaining 9 patients who had positive aortography underwent urgent thoracotomies, 8 of them had traumatic rupture of the aorta or its major branches, the remaining 1 patient had normal operative finding. Of the 8 patients who had traumatic rupture of the aorta or its major branches, 1 patient died. The mortality was 12.5 per cent. The rate of traumatic rupture of the aorta or its major branches in patients who had blunt chest trauma and widening of the mediastinum on chest roengenogram in our study was 44.4 per cent. The sensitivity of aortography for diagnosis of traumatic rupture of the aorta or its major branches was 100 per cent and the specificity was 90 per cent. On the basis of this study, we conclude that blunt chest trauma patients with widened mediastinum on chest roengenogram have a significantly high rate of traumatic rupture of the aorta or its major branches. All blunt chest trauma patients who have widened mediastinum on chest reongenogram should undergo further investigations to exclude traumatic rupture of the aorta or its major branches. We recommend aortography as the investigation of choice due to its accuracy and usefulness in management plan.